Friday, May 31, 2019

Signs of Racism by Rajiv Kapur :: Race Racism

Signs of Racism by Rajiv KapurSigns of Racism offers a glimpse into what racism means today.Historic everyy, racism was more prevalent, more obvious, but actuallyless disparaging to the victim than it is today. You see, SoRunderlines the fundamental reasoning that quiet, subtle jabs withracist remarks are more pestilent. The subjugated can get well overtoppression because none can respect his oppressor. Kapur offers us anumber of examples of what the signs of (subtle) racism are many ofwhich may not be obvious to readers.SoR provides inference that the antagonistic sentiments of racists are duein part to not one, but several factors - each offering a veryconvincing argument. Kapur provides signs that at starting line may appearbenign, are actually deeply motivating factors of malevolence topeople of other races. SoR makes it quite clear to all, that racistsdo not feel tenderness for members of the race which they aredisplaying their subtle preconception.Racism is shown to stem from an individual who needs to maintain(albeit, an imaginary) position of supremacy. A racist will use allmeans practical to subjugate the victimized race. A racist feels noremorse or sympathy for the impact his racist actions have on thevictimized. The overall aura of all the signs projects a racist ofhatred and heartless sensibilities.SoR is not an impartial piece of literature. Kapur provides us withthe views of a person afflicted by subtle racism. Consequently, we seethe views of the victim and not the racist expressed. This position isespoused by the majority of the world, and so is readily accepted.(That might be an interesting concept for a book, though - Hatred ofthe Bigot.) This partiality does not impair his writing, however. Onthe contrary, the lifetime reality Kapur was familiar with (covertracism) supports his subjective reasoning.The description (or rather, oblique explanation) of a racist was alsoemphasized in SoR - a racist is a racist regardless of religion,intel ligence, cultural level, social status, benevolence towardsmembers of their own race or social motivation. The stereotype of aracist is abolished. Kapur argues that racists go from all races and

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Buffalo Soldier-Dreadlock Rasta? :: essays papers

Buffalo Soldier-Dreadlock Rasta?The Buffalo Soldier of the West and the Elimination of the Native American RaceWhen shadowy custody first enlisted in the United States army, they were thought to be crazy. These were the men, who just a few years before, were being persecuted because of the color of their skin. Throughout time, the minatory man has suffered in more ways than we could imagine. The white man stole them from their homeland still for the sole purpose of making money. They were thought to be hard workers and very loyal. However, aft(prenominal) the Civil War and the emancipation of slavery, there became some perceptions of the black man that had never been seen or heard before. Even though they were still thought to be inferior, they still gained some respect on the part of the white community. In 1864, the President of the United States, Mr. Abraham Lincoln wrote a statement concerning the black troops enlisted in the U.S army. With the sympathy of the president, thi s is what was writtenThe black soldiers in the Civil war had so heroically vindicated their manhood on the battlefield where, in assisting to save the heart of the republic, they have demonstrated in blood their right to the ballot. (Cashin and others 1969 p.i)This message was the forthcoming of a new perception of the black man. With the help of President Lincoln, the black man felt that they were on their way to granting immunity and equality. However, after the assassination of the Great Emancipator the black mans hopes and dreams seemed to fade faster than they were strengthened up. With the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln had given the black man one of Americas highest standards for being considered free. He gave them the right to vote. However, since the assassination, the southern black man could not vote because of the stipulations that the white southerners put on the voting system. Therefore, the black man could only hold on to the last shred of freedom that he was given the right to have. Because of their gallant efforts put forth in the Civil War, the black man was still allowed to serve in the United States army. In 1866 a bill was passed by Congress to allow the formation of an all black regiment. In all there would be several different regiments comprised of only black soldiers. The regiments were formed by the black enlistees and usually the duties were carried out by a white officer.

Theodore Geisel :: essays research papers fc

Theodore Geisel was born in Springfield, Massachusetts on March 2, 1904. He graduated from Dartmouth in 1925, with a BA in English literature. He went to atomic number 63 after to study at Oxford. He then went to Sorbonne and then to the University of Vienna.He planned on getting a doctorate in literature, but the let was less than ideal so he returned to the United States. (LeBeau 20)In 1927 Geisel married Helen Palmer who was a classmate of his from Oxford. She was also a childrens author, until her death in 1967. (Diehl 169)Theodore started functional for a magazine, Judge, in 1927. He worked there doing cartoons and humorous ads for them. He was also submitting his work to other magazines such as Life, Vanity Fair, and Liberty. In his ads he make a reference to an insecticide called Flit, which were noticed and led to a tight contract to draw ads for Flit.The contract said he couldnt do anything else. In his ad he used the saying Quick Henry, The Flit. He did that for 17 years , which gained him national exposure. He only did that in the summer though, since insecticide is a seasonal thing. He went to an attorney and found that the only thing his contract didnt forbid him to do was childrens obtains.(Diehl171)Geisels first childrens book came about in 1936 when he was on vacation in Europe. He was listening to the rhythm of the ships engines, he came up with And to think I saw it on Mulberry Street. It was rejected by 43 publishers that he showed it to. Eventually a friend published it for him and it went on to at least chequer success.(Morgan 43)During World War II he joined the army and was sent to Hollywood. Captain Geisel would write for Frank Capras Signal Corps Unit, which he won the Legion of Merit for. He also did documentaries such as Hitler Lives and Design for Death, which won him an Oscar. He worked on the 5,000 Fingers of Mr. T., which was something that he didnt enjoy. Geisel also created command Mc-Boing Boing while he was in Hollywood, he sold it to UPA. John Hulbey designed and won an Academy award for it. Theodore won an Oscar for it, though he had little to no part in General Mc-Boing Boing. (Diehl172)In May 1954, Life magazine published an article about illiteracy among school

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Theories of Personality Essays -- Psychology, Personality Test

Introversion has the greatest chance of negatively affecting SLA. Students that are afraid of embarrassing themselves by speaking wrongly or by not being able to speak at all may try to avoid opportunities that would otherwise aid their learning (Zhang, 2008).Since 1960, nature has emerged as major field of specialization among doctoral candidates (Vance & Macphail, 1964). Many investigations have been accomplished followed by literature on a variety of theories of personality. The importance on single(a) differences and distinctiveness of the individual are the most frequent features of the study of personality. There is a guarantee that each persons profile is divers(prenominal) from that of another person and thus, each person has unique personality (Allport & Odbert, 1936). Nevertheless, the question is how do we determine personality? In general, the easiest approach to do this was through the observations of individual differences. Though, the validity and reliability of su ch observation can be questioned as it is not efficient and systematic adequately. On the other han...

Little Women Essay -- Literary Analysis, Louisa May Alcott

Captured the nuances that still move me to laugh and cry (Delamar xiii). Louisa whitethorn Alcott is such a wonderful woman who was know not only as a great writer, but also a fighter for justice and advocate of human rights. No matter how many an(prenominal) difficulties Louisa faced in her life, she had succeeded in achieving her dream. She wrote one of the greatest books of her era, Little Women. She participated in anti-slavery activities, and was a non-official feminist. She worked hard for fans and neither for fame nor money. Louisa May Alcott is example for all of the people in the world. Louisa May Alcott was born in a poor but full of love family. She grew up with the kindness of her fuck off and loveliness of her mother. Louisa May Alcotts father was a writer, and a great influence on her. Her mother was a pioneer in the womens suffrage and abolitionist movement. Louisa showed interest in pen when she was the child. She used her fathers dictionary and philosophy book to study when no one saw (Delamar 3-5). Her family moved many times, and only when she got fourteen, she had her first ain room (Shealy xix). Louisa May Alcott and her three sisters got education at home by her father. In spite of her poor and hard life, she tried to overcome hardships.When Louisa May Alcott moody seventeen, she was such a beautiful woman, who was tall and charming. She had great blue eyes and brown hair. However, she would never get married because she thought that a woman could beat back care of herself without a mans supports (Delamar 34). Because of her difficult life, she began to work at an early age. She worked as a governess, a seamstress, and a teacher. When she was fifteen, she taught some of her younger playmates. During her pedagogics and... ... appetite, and all her sicknesses teased her, she continued work. She was not able to write by her right hand, but she forced herself to learn how to write by her left hand. Louisa May Alcott worked on Jos Boy s, and she knew that it would be her last story (Delamar 136).On March 4, Louisa May Alcott came to visit her sick father for the last time, and he died on that identical day. Two days later, she followed her father without any regret. She left behind a wonderful work all her books, letters and journals are part of American account (Matteson). In spite of hard life, she achieved everything she wanted. Louisa May Alcott is analogy of perfect and free woman. She proved that hard working can help to achieve dream. People film her book up till now. One thing she gained was something she never dreamed of Louisa May Alcott achieved immortality. (Delamar 142).

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Conventionality vs Instinct in Daisy Miller and The Awakening Essay

Henry Jamess Daisy milling machine and Kate Chopins The Awakening were first published vingt-et-un years apart, the former in 1878 and the latter in 1899. Despite the gap of more than two decades, however, the two whole shebang evince a similarity of supposition and intent that is immediately evident in their main base of operationss. Both works display characters whose lives have been governed almost solely by the conventions of their respective societies. Furthermore, both works also attempt to demonstrate to the reader what happens when these conventions are challenged by individual consciousnesss, which more often than not are in direct contradiction to the dictates of convention.The subject of conventionality versus instinct predominates both works. In Daisy Miller the theme is embodied in the character of Frederick Winterbourne, an ex-patriot American living in Europe. The Awakenings Edna Pontellier serves as the means done which Kate Chopin examines her version of this theme. Both Winterbourne and Edna are trapped in conventional worlds, and both are affected by a deep, instinctive need to break unaffixed of the bonds that restrain them so absolutely.The portrayal of this theme, however, is accomplished in different ways by Henry James and Kate Chopin. The main reason for this is that although the theme is common to both works, the protagonists experience of it are not. Conventionality has entrapped them in different ways, and their instinctive reactions arise out of differing circumstances.Frederick Winterbourne, for example, comes to a realization of his internal struggle between conventionality and instinct not in and of himself, but because of Miss Daisy Miller. Winterbourne meets the young Miss Miller in Vevay, Switzerland, while v... ...life, a life where her instincts hold ultimate sway.Yet the theme in both works is similar in one way. For, while the weight of judgement does fall against the ex-patriots in Daisy Miller, we realiz e that they are not all in the wrong, for they do recognize Giovanelli for what he is. And although we praise Daisy for her refusal to submit to their conventions, we realize that she was not necessarily perfectly correct in ignoring all of the conventions. Similarly, we praise Edna for severance free from the conventions that a patriarchal society forced upon her. In the end, however, she is forced to leave that world, since she cannot accept any of its conventions. The true theme in both Daisy Miller and The Awakening, then, is not that it is better to flout convention and live by instinct, but that life must necessarily be a synthesis of convention and instinct.

Monday, May 27, 2019

National Institute of Business Management Essay

1. Describe the basic assumptions of Economics.2. Discuss the vital functions of an prudence.3. Write an essay on the features of large(p) of the United Statesist economy.4. Explain the various assumptions on which tout ensemble contract schedules argon prep ard.5. Write an essay on emplacement of Industries.6. Describe the kinds of price childs play of demand.25 x 4=100 marksAnswer of Question 1- base assumption of econimoicsEconomists name generally looked for some fundamental assumption about human behaviour from which most of the principles of economics can be ultimately deduced. each decision maker in an economic systems-wheter he is a consument or producer, whethre is a house hold or a menage is assumed to have in a rational manner and go in for maximum gain. Economic rationality presupposed that every person knows his interest and selects that course of action, which promises him the greatest hail of statisfaction.The economists have, generally assumed that human bei ngs ar rational and that they be influenced by maximization principle for example every consumer is said to maximize his satisfaction with a given amount of expenditure, every producer maximizes his output and mizimizes his cost. Every seller minimizes his profit, as so on.But reationality and maximization principles atomic number 18 based on the come on assumption of perfect knowledge, every rational consumenr for example knowsthe differnent possiable alternative open to him and will choose that alrernative that promises maximum satisfaction. However, rationality is conditi nonpareild and influenced by habits and companionable. Habits acquired everywhere a number of years influence the consumers in the choice of untroubleds. Likewise, social customs infulence guide and modify economic behaviour of individuals.The assumption of economic rationality does non carry and moral or ethical implication. Rationality implies that is a period of acute shoratege, producers and distribu tors would raise the price and secure higher profit marigns. Such a behaivor may be condemned from the social point of view. But economically it is justified. At the same time, it is neccesasary to distinguish between individual rationality and social rationlaity. But from the social point of view, this may not be rational and proper, for bombay is already overcroweded with a high density of population, besides there are so many feebleminded areas, which need industrialization from the social point of view it would have been better that the new factory is caboodle up a bearing from bombay, there is thus a possibility of clash between individual rationally and social rationalily.Anwer of Question no - 2EconomyAn economy refers to the financial system of the region, province or nation. It is a system by which folks get a livelihood. For instance the Economy includes farms, factories, mines, shops, banks, roads, railways, aircrafts, offices, schools, cinemas and so on, which grants the people with the goods and services which they also use themselves or sell over sea in order to be able to buy imports. Sir John Hicks An economy consists of nothing else but an enormous cooperation of trifleers or manufacturer to make things and do things which clients want.The lively Processes of An Economy outturn, consumption and growth are vital factors of economics. Economies might differ in the organisation but all perform these three functions whichare discussed below.1. Production -The First vital bear on of an economy is manufacture which must go on incessantly. Production comprises any action, and the stipulation of any service, which satisfies and is likely to satisfy a want. In this wider sense, merchandise includes products produced on farms like rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables and those manufactured in the factories like clothes, electronic goods, electrical items etcetera It also includes the services of shopkeepers, traders, transporters, actors, doctors, civil servants, teachers, engineers and akin to who dish out in fulfilling the needs of the people in the economy through their services. But production eliminates certain goods and services though they satisfy human needs. It includes, domestic work d hotshot within the family by the housewives, husband and children, production of hobby articles like paintings, production of vegetables in the kitchen garden. The last is voluntary work. John Hicks defines Production is any application directed to satisfaction of other peoples wants through exchange. Thus production means exchange of goods for consideration of money.2. Consumption -The mo vital process of economy is consumption. It means the use of financial goods and services in the pleasure of human needs. The consumption that goes on in the fiscal may be of several(predicate) types. Prof. Hicks organized it into two grouping single-use goods and durable-use goods. Single goods are those which are used in a single act. Such g oods are food stuffs, cigarettes, matches, fuel etc. durable use goods are those which can be used for a substantial period of time. It is unimportant whether the time is short or long. Such goods are pens, bicycles, clothes, fans, furniture etc. Prof. Brown defines as For every kind of completed goods, in reality there is a kind of channel or kind of a system of pipeline, elongating from the unique sources of resources used to the consumer. The accretion of stock of such goods is called inventory investment.3. Growth -Economic growth is the process whereby the real per capita income of a country teachings over a long period of time. We itemise the factors which lead to the growth of an economy. Growth of population predominantlyworking population is the first cause of growth. A quick growing population in relation to the growth of the national product keeps the output per head at a low level. On the other hand, the enhancement in the productivity per head of developed economie s like United States has been much higher because of their low rates of their national product.Technical acquaintance and development are the twin features in mounting productivity per head. Technical knowledge and development are autonomous It is technical knowledge which brings about new means of production, leads to excogitation and growth of new equipment. The supply of savings is another factor that determines the growth rate of economy. Borrowing from abroad is another source of capital for the growth of economies. away borrowing is resorted to for two reasons. To supplement low domestic savings and to get foreign currency for the purpose of importing capital for development purposes. Thus all economies whether they are capitalist, socialist or mixed perform these important functions of production, consumption and growth. Central Problems of EconomyThere are five fundamental questions relating to the paradox of economy and they are discussed below.1. What to Produce and in What Quantities?To make a decision of what goods and services are to be created and the volume of productivity has to be determined and this is the first problem relating to economy. This involves allotment of scarce resources in relation to the composition of total productivity in the economy. Since resources are inadequate the association has to decide about the goods to be produced. If the society gives significance to the production of to a greater extent consumption goods now, it will have less in future. A high precedence on capital goods implies consumer goods now and more in future. But since resources are inadequate, if some goods are produced in abundance, some other goods will have to be produced in smaller quantities. It will thereof have to choose among mixture which will give higher level of satisfaction.2. How to Produce these goods?The next problem is how to fabricate these goods. That is the techniques andmethods to be applied in the production of the necessary go ods. This problem is principally dependent on the accessibility of resources within the economy. If land is available in abundance, it may have widespread cultivation. If the repel is in abundance, it may use labour demanding techniques while in baptistery of labour shortage, capital intensive techniques may be used. On the other hand gentle consumer goods and small outputs necessitate small and less costly machines. Further it has to make a decision of what goods and services are to be created in the public heavens and that in private sector.3. For Whom are the Goods Produced?The third basic problem is for whom the goods and services are to be produced. That is the allotment of goods among the members of the society. The allotment of basic customer goods or supplies and replete comforts and among the household takes place on the basis of among the al localisation principle of countrys income. A rich person may have a big(a) share of the lavish goods and a poor person may have more amounts of the basic consumer goods he needs.4. How efficiently are the resources being utilised?This is one of the operative basic problems because of having made the three earlier decisions, the society has to see whether the capital it owns are being utilised fully or not. In case the resources of the financial system are lying idle. It has to find out ways and means to use them fully. If the idleness of resources, say man power, land or capital is due to their male allocation, the society has to adopt such monetary, fiscal or physical measures where this is corrected. In an economy where the available resources are being fully utilised, it is characterised by technical competence or full employment. To maintain it at this level, the economy must always be increasing the productivity of some goods and services by giving up something of others.5. Is the Economy Growing?The last and the most imperative problem is to find out whether the economy is growing through time or is it sluggish. Economic growth takes placethrough a superior rate of capital configuration which consists of restoring existing capital goods with new and more productive ones by adopting more well-organized production techniques or through modernization. Economic growth enables the economy to have more of both the goods.Answer of Question no 5Manufacturing is the chip largest type of production after primary production activity of hunting, fishing, mining, lumbering, farming etc. Manufacturing has undergone a big change as a result of feeler of science and technology. From the making of few simple items, like hand made cloth, khandsari, mustard oil, agricultural implements etc. manufacturing to-day involves highly technical and complex machines, equipments and tools for the assembly of automobiles, ships, aircrafts, quadrangle ships, agricultural machines, computers and so on. For centuries, manufacturing had been a household work and items like agricultural implements weapons et c. were produced on a small-scale. But with the increasing demand due to increase in population, it took the form of cottage industry and later, large scale manufacturing industries.Manufacturing is related to processing and altering the affectionate materials of agriculture, forests and that of minerals into finished or partially finished products. The agro raw materials which are transformed into finished products are cotton, wool, jute, sugarcane etc. and that of minerals are iron ore, copper, manganese, mica etc. Presently, the most important manufacturing industries are those which bring unneurotic manufactured items of different industries to make complicated machines and equipments required in means of transportation, agriculture, mining, military warfare etc. Development of industries is of utmost importance to man. In fact, their development is considered to be an index of a countrys economic prosperity and strength. The location of manufacturing industries depends upon a number of geographical and economic factors. These factors are known as factors of localisation principle of industries or agglomeration of industries. The most important factors are(i) Raw material.(ii) Source of Power.(iii) Labour.(iv) Means of transportation.(v) Market.(vi) Other factors like humour, Government Policies, capital, water, land etc. (i) Raw Material.Among the factors influencing location of an industry, close proximity to raw material availability of regular supply of cheap raw material are of utmost significance. Therefore, industries are set up close to or in the regions where raw material is available in plenty. This speaks for the repair of jute industry in West Bengal, borecole industry in U.P and compactness of heavy industries in the states of Chattisgarh and West Bengal. If the raw material is heavy and of small value, the industries are set up in the regions of raw material. Iron smelting, brick making, cement manufacturing are best examples. Iron and Steel Plants at Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Rourkela (Orissa), Bhilai (Chhattisgarh) and Durgapur (West Bengal) have been set up near the sources of raw material i.e., Iron ore. (ii) Source of Power.All types of manufacturing industries depend upon one or the other sources of power. It may be coal, oil, electricity, gas etc. In the industries, especially those of ferrous metallurgy, coal is the main source of power therefore, these heavy industries are closely tied down to coal fields. The iron and steel industry of India in the Damodar Valley of Chattisgarh at Jamshedpur is located near the coal fields of Raniganj and Jharia. (iii) Labour. young industry requires large labour force, both skilled and unskilled. The availability of cheap labour in a region is an important factor determining the localization of industries. Different types of industries require different types of labour force. For example, watch-making, electronics, aeronautics, computers etc. require highly skilled labou r, whereas, on the other hand, cotton textile manufacturing, sugar making, jute textile etc. employ more of unskilled labour. The development of the plantations in Assam and cotton textiles in Maharashtra are attributed to the availability of cheap efficient labour. In these regions it has also been seen that industrial centres extend to attract more industries, because plenty of labour is available in these centres, for example, Mumbai and Kolkata have become industrial cities of the country mainly because of availability of plenty oflabour in and around these mega cities. (iv) Means of Transportation.Industries depend upon efficient and cheap transportation system, which is essential for the movement of raw material as well as the finished products. They may be rail, road or water. Railway junctions are considered to be the most suitable sites for the localization of industries. These enjoy benefits of easy transportation from different directions. Similarly sea ports also develo p as industrial centres because of availability of facilities of water transportation for export and import of products. (v) Market.Market is an important factor in determining localization of industries. Goods are manufactured to be sold in the market. Industries are generally set up close to urban centres. Sometimes, dense population may not prove to be solid market for the disposal of the different industrial products. If the people are poor, the purchasing capacity also becomes poor. In some of the Asiatic countries, where people are poor, industries which are engaged in the manufacturing of cheap and essential goods like coarse cloth find an adequate market. This explains why under-developed countries, though dumbly populated are poor in manufacturing industries. (vi) Other Factors.(a) ClimateClimate also plays a part in the location of industries. The stimulating cool equable climate is more suitable for the development of industries because this type of climate adds to the work efficiency of the labour force. This is one of the major reasons why temperate latitudes have well-developed manufacturing industries kinda than the tropics or the desert or the Tundra regions. Climate plays a significant role in location of cotton textile manufacturing industries. The cool and humid climate helps in spinning of yarn and weaving of cloth processes. Development of film industry at Mumbai is due to favourable climate. (b)Capital.Development of industries requires a large capital investment. It may come from any source, local or foreign. Banks and other financial institutions play an important role in the growth of industries from time to time. (b) Government Policy.In order to give boost to industries in the country, the government gives certain guidelines, tax exemptions, electricity at concessional rates, subsidies, rail link etc., if these are set up as per government plan. Mohali, an industrial town near Chandigarh has come up on the industrial map of India because of Government policies. Thus Government Policy plays a significant role in determining place of location of an industry. If the Government bans import of foreign cars, the automobile industry is bound to flourish in that country. (d)Early Start.There is a tendency to set up new units in the area, where that industry is already much developed. It is because the area has been enjoying benefits of developed means of transport, financial institutions, banking facilities, availability of skilled labour and marketing ease. Hosiery industry got concentrated at Ludhiana can be cited as one example of role of early start. (e) Personal Preferences.Personal whims, prejudices of an enterpriser and preferences also matter sometimes in the setting up of an industry in an area, ignoring all the economic and commercial considerations. In a democratic set up, sometimes political matters also initiate the establishment of certain heavy industries in certain regions. The setting of a Railway Coach Factory at Kapurthala in Punjab has been set up due to political interests rather than economic considerations. Construction of oil refinery at Bhatinda is another example of a political decision. Localization of industries at a place gives rise to a number of problems also. These are(i) High cost of living.(ii) Shortage of living space.(iii) Sky high land prices.(iv) traffic jams.(v) Pollution.(vi) Growth of slums.Some of the industries are highly localized in the country. These are due to combination of a number of geographical and socio-economic factors already discussed above. The examples are1. Sugar Manufacturing U.P. and Bihar.2. Jute Textiles West Bengal.3. Cotton Textiles Maharashtra and Gujarat.4. Cement Industry M.P. and Rajasthan.5. Iron and Steel Jharkhand and Orissa.6. Cinematography Mumbai7. Leather goods Kanpur, Agra.8. Hosiery Ludhiana.9. Sports goods Jalandhar.10. Computers Bangalore, Hyderabad, GurgaoAnswer of Question no - 6Different types of cracking o f removeAfter knowing what is demand and what is law of demand, we can now come to ginger snap of demand. Law of demand will tell you the direction i.e. it tells you which way the demand goes when the price changes. But the elasticity of demand tells you how much the demand will change with the change in price to demand to the change in any factor. Different types of walkover of Demand1. Price Elasticity of Demand2. Income Elasticity of Demand3. Cross Elasticity of Demand4. Advertisement Elasticity of Demand1. Price Elasticity of DemandWe will discuss how sensitive the change in demand is to the change in price. The measurement of this sensitivity in hurt of pctage is called price Elasticity of Demand. According to Marshall, Price Elasticity of Demand is the degree of responsiveness of demand to the change in price of that commodity. Types of Price Elasticity of Demandsa) Perfectly Elasticb) Perfectly Inelasticc) Relatively Elasticd) Relatively Inelastice) Unit ElasticityFactors influencing Price Elasticity of Demanda) Nature of commodityb) Availability of Substitutesc) Number of Usesd) Durability of commoditye) Consumers incomePractical significance of Price Elasticity of Demanda) Importance to the businessb) Important to Government2. Income elasticity of demandIn economics, the income elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to the change in the income of the people demanding the good. It is calculated as the ratio of the percent change in quantity demanded to the percent change in income. For example, if, in response to a 10% increase in income, the quantity of a good demanded increased by 20%, the income elasticity of demand would be 20%/10% = 2. 3. Cross elasticity of demandIn economics, the cross elasticity of demand and cross price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demand of a good to a change in the price of another good. It is mensurable as the percentage change in quantity demanded for the first good that occurs in response to a percentage change in price of the second good. For example, if, in response to a 10% increase in the price of fuel, the quantity of new cars that are fuel inefficient demanded decreased by 20%, the cross elasticity of demand would be -20%/10% = -2. 4. Advertisement Elasticity of DemandThe degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in the advertisement disbursal of expenditure. Ea= Change in quantity demanded x original advertisement expenses Change in advertisement expenses original quantity demandedImportant factors influencing Advertisement1. Promotional elasticity of demand will be affected, depending on whether itis a new product or the product with a growing market.2. The amount a competitor reacts to the firms advertisement.3. The time interval between the advertisement expensed or expenditure and the unresponsiveness of the sales.4. The influence of non-advertisement determinants of demands such as tre nds, price, income etc. Uses of Advertisement Elasticity of Demands1. It helps the omnibus to decide the advertisement expense. If the advertisement is more than one, which means incremental revenue exceeds incremental expenses, then increased expenditure on advertisement can be justified.2. The fire should observe the saturation point, where advertisement pays nothing or does not help in increasing sales revenue

Saturday, May 25, 2019

The Development of Concept through the National Curriculum

The National Curriculum was introduced into the English educational ashes after the Education Reform Act in 1988. The construct of kid mental science was addressed and to a great extent influenced by the work of Jean Piaget. Piaget was the precursor of the constructivist supposition of cognizing and set frontward the first systematic possible action of Cognitive Development. His theory provinces there ar four back-to-back phases of cognitive intermitment that be achieved at different ages throughout a kid s life. As with all high profile theories, non all experts agreed. Lev Vygotsky conception the cultural background of kids had a major(ip) impact on cognitive development, Any defend in the kid s cultural development appears twice, or on two planes. First, it appears on the societal plane, and so on the psychological plane. ( ? ? , 1981, pg 163 ) . The principal battle of opinion between Piaget and Vygotsky s theories is Vygotsky deald even if a kid did non possess the necessary accomplishments or lore to finish a undertaking, if they were surrounded by person who did, they were liable(predicate) to win when steered in the right way. Whereas Piaget conjured a kid s cognitive development is limited by what they be in affect expeditious to larn. By using Piaget s theory to the National Curriculum a more child-centred attack can be practiced within the School System. Piaget angiotensin-converting enzyme time said Education, for most people, means seeking to take the kid to resemble the typical grownup of his society . but for me and no 1 else, affirmation agencies doing Godheads . you have to do discoverers, pioneers and non conformists ( Bringuier, 1980, pg 132 ) .Forces and Motion organize a bitant sum of physicss at all come upon maps in the National Curriculum. Forces have a cardinal function in how the Earth is positioned and how objects are held on the Earth. It is critical kids are taught where and how Forces and Motion affect u s and how they determine twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life.Jean Piaget publish the first logical theory of cognitive development which when placed in an educational context can be used to better the educational system for all pupils. Piaget focused on how kids learn, adapt to an purlieu and any alterations that may happen. He thought kids must hold changeless interactions with the outside universe. Piaget in any event discussed the theory of moral instruction and believed kids make moral opinions by detecting those around them, the kid is person who constructs his ain moral universe position, who forms thoughts about right and incorrect, and hardly and unjust, that are non the direct merchandise of grownup instruction and that are frequently maintained in the face of grownup wants to the contrary ( Gallagher, 1978, pgA 26 ) . He thought instruction and the manner kids are taught can hold a important consequence on development.Piaget s theory provinces there are four ch ief countries of Cognitive Development. The first, Sensori-motor, occurs between birth and the age of two. Child learn through their senses and actions, nevertheless are egoistic. The grounds Piaget gathered showed kids in this phase interact with their environment by pull stringsing objects, this is known as intelligence in action ( Michael W. Eysenck, 2000, Pg 411 ) . Towards the terminal of the sensori-motor phase kids begin to develop object permanency.The second of Piaget s phases, pre-operational, is severalize into two sub-sections, Preconceptual ( aged two and four ) , and Intuitive ( aged four and seven ) . A chief feature of this phase is unlogical thought and centration. During this cessation it is non possible to alter a kid s sentiment on something they believe to be true. For illustration if two spectacless with equal sums of H2O are shown to a kid, so one is transferred into a larger glass, a kid would province it contains less H2O than the other, even though they t o the full observed the procedure ( Michael W. Eysenck, 2000, Pg 413 ) .The tertiary phase occurs between aged seven until about 12 and is known as Concrete Operational. At this point logical thought develops leting ideas to be nonionised coherently. However kids are still unable to believe victimizely and logical thought is confined to existent objects and topics that can be seen. Children are able to bring down on more than one factor, for illustration when asked to choose similar objects, the 2nd object chosen will be similar to the first in dimensions and the tertiary chosen will be similar to the 2nd in coloring material ( Michael W. Eysenck, 2000, Pg 411 ) . The idea procedure behind the usage of experiments is understood as they nail be aftering, transporting out, showing and reasoning the consequences.The 4th phase is Formal Operational which occurs from aged 12 upwards, where kids are able to grok elevate thoughts leting topics such(prenominal) as space and Gravity to be explored. Prior to this kids can non gain intangible thoughts and constructs. An of import measure in formal operational is when kids come across a state of affairs they do non understand, they are able to alter the manner they think in order to understand it. For illustration formulate a hypothesis and incline out a systematic trial to bring forth consequences to back up an reply.At Key Stage 1, kids are aged between tail fin and seven and are at the Intuitive phase in Piaget s Theory. Forces and Motion are introduced to the kids in the first twelve month of Key Stage 1 utilizing the faculty Pushes & A Pulls. During this, kids can anticipate to larn things such as how objects move and the different types of motion. Children may be asked to travel in different ways and so asked to discourse which move of their organic structures move. Language skills progress in the intuitive phase nevertheless Piaget provinces this is a effect of basic cognitive progresss. Appraisals are unbroken in line with Piaget s theory and can include labelling objects harmonizing to their motion for illustration push or pull.During twelvemonth two of Key Stage 1, Forces and Gestures are once more taught nevertheless cognition is expanded in the faculty Forces and Movement. The topics covered reinforce cognition antecedently taught in order to develop student s cognition. Language and vocabulary is extended by presenting words such as turn, squeezing, stretch and draw out. Investigational skills begin to develop as kids are taught how to propose a inquiry and predict what will go on. The fair trial construct is besides encouraged and expanded. These are cardinal accomplishments that are create at a ulterior phase.Students move on to Key Stage 2 at the age of seven and go on until aged eleven. Harmonizing to Piaget s they are Concrete Operational, the 3rd phase, intending logical logical thinking can be applied to existent objects. Forces and Motion are taught in Year 4 ( ag ed eight ) in the faculty Friction. Specific subjects are re-capped in order to consolidate old facts. Children are encouraged to utilize new equipment such as a forcemeter to carefully mensurate a force. New vocabulary and thoughts are besides introduced at this phase, for illustration newton as the unit of force. Investigational accomplishments are progressed by acquiring students to be after an experiment and follow it through.The faculty Forces in movement is taught in Year 6 ( age ten ) and includes solemnity and weight. The footing of all subjects covered have been antecedently taught, this shows the continuity of the subject throughout the two Key Stages. This allows the kids to logically remember this information and expand it. As the kids are still in the Concrete Operational phase they are able to use logical thought nevertheless merely to existent objects. It is of import forces are used to explicate phenomena in mundane life to demo the importance and impact they have . Towards the terminal of this unit the construct of Gravity is introduced, nevertheless harmonizing to Piaget kids at this phase can non grok abstract theories.During Key Stage 3 kids are on the boundary line of the concluding phase, Formal Operational. During which persons are able to believe logically and rationally about possible events and abstract constructs. In Year 7 the students are taught the faculty Forces and their Effectss. Children are advanced by universe taught the difference between mass and weight and how to associate forces in action to alterations in gesture. This provides a direct nexus back to faculties Forces & A Movement and Friction in Key Stage 1 and 2. At this phase the student s learn why it is indispensable to reiterate measurings and experiments to turn out duplicability and reliability of consequences. They are introduced to the construct of different variables within an experiment and the importance of commanding these.During the concluding twelvem onth of Key Stage 3, Year 9 ( age 13 ) Forces and Motions is covered in three separate faculties. The first, Gravity and Space introduces the construct of abstract believing about objects and forces. This links back to the faculty Forces in Action from Key Stage 2. Gravity is antecedently touched upon in Key Stage 2, nevertheless harmonizing to Piaget s theory they are unable to to the full grok abstract constructs. As a batch of new information is taught during this faculty, the students greatly expand their cognition. Investigational accomplishments are expanded in this faculty and students are made cognizant that Scientists research constructs together and construe the grounds.The 2nd forces faculty in Year 9 is called Rushing Up and is hearty linked to several faculties antecedently taught in Key Stage 1 and 2 such as Pushes & A Pulls and Forces in Action. It expands earlier subjects by leting students to see the relationship between forces on an object and its motion. It int roduces equilibrize and imbalances forces and how these explain the motion of falling objects.The concluding faculty is Pressure and Moments. This involves the impression of minutes and once more physiques on old information provided to the students. This is a major measure for kids as most of these subjects have non antecedently been taught. However there is still continuity as all the old cognition about clang and gravitation play an of import portion in understanding these constructs. As with old faculties the investigational accomplishments of the student s are farther developed with anomalous consequences being introduced and preciseness measurings are reiterated.Due to the separation of single Sciences at Key Stage 4, Forces and Motions as a subject can be found in several topics, for illustration Physicss and Additional Science. Areas covered include how to depict the manner things move and what is impulse, this once more demonstrates continuity through the Key Stages. Idea s are besides expanded, for illustration when larning about impulses, kids are expected to be able to cipher impulse and how impulse can be used to cipher other set such as Force.At AS / A-Level, kids are no longer in mandatory instruction nevertheless Forces and Motion characteristic within Physics classs. Mechanics is introduced as a new subject which includes associating force to moving ridges. The topic of impulse is expanded and establishes round and oscillating gesture. The class Physics in Context steadfastly places natural philosophies in a scope of modern-day environments. It introduces pupils to new and exciting countries of natural philosophies and develops indispensable cognition and apprehension. The faculties allow students to see how cognition of forces and gesture underpins mundane activities such as conveyance and record breakage in athletics.The construct of Forces and Motion within the National Curriculum is introduced at the spring of Key Stage 1 and is carried throughout mandatory instruction and station 16 surveies. Initial cognition is expanded and consolidated at the start of severally faculty and all units link together. Although the faculties are non carried out in back-to-back schooling old ages, I believe that with construction of the National Curriculum, continuity is kept by recapping at the beginning of each unit. It is clear patterned advance within the topic occurs within the unit and there are besides countries for apt and gifted pupils to stand out. From looking at the National Curriculum, Piaget s theory has had a major impact, as the degree at which the information is pitched straight relates to the features observed by him. For illustration in Key Stage 2 students are Concrete Operational and merely able to associate to existent objects and thoughts. therefore Forces such as velocity and motion are chiefly covered. In Key Stage 4 students are Formal Operational and can grok abstract thought, hence Gravity, Space and M oments are introduced. However as with all major theories, there are countries that do non to the full explicate the construct, in this instance the cognitive development of kids. Psychologists such as mandril ( 1982 ) challenged Piaget s theory and set frontward the thought that Piaget had a inclination to undervalue the cognitive ability of kids. Bower hid a plaything behind a screen and when the screen was lifted a few seconds subsequently, the plaything was longer at that place. The three to four month old kids in his survey showed a surprised reaction therefore proposing object permanency can be present much earlier than Piaget create ( Michael W. Eysenck, 2000, pg 411 ) . Lev Vygotsky s parts must besides be acknowledged who along with other publications researched the zone of proximal development. This stated that although kids may look to miss current accomplishments when tested in a controlled environment, if tested once more when surrounded by person with the necessary cognition they are more likely to win. Although parts of Piaget s Theory have been inquiry and to some extent disproved, as a whole no other theory has come near to explicating, in item, the manner in which kids s thought and acquisition advancements.MentionsBooksEysenck, M. W. ( 2000 ) Psychology A Students Handbook, East Sussex Psychology Press LTD, Publishers.

Friday, May 24, 2019

No one in Gattaca is who they seem to be and everyone

The science fiction thriller film Cattle, directed and written by Andrew Niccole, mystify In the not in any case distant future, It portrays a society In which genetic engineering has created an advanced yet dyspepsia world. In this world, we can clearly see that state feed secrets and they ar willing to Ill, carp and even kill to get where they want to be and to be their very best. No one is who they seem to be and everyone has something to hide. Throughout the film, there are 3 main characters that have something to conceal and these characters are Jerome Eugene Morrow, VincentFreeman and Doctor Lamar. Jerome Eugene Morrow is a very relentless and overbearing person scarcely on the inside he is caring, Vincent Freeman is an Invalid who dreams of flying to Titan and to achieve his dreams, he has to be rise up a towered ladder with the help of Eugene, and Doctor Lamar helps Vincent achieve his dreams by conceal Vincent secret. Jerome Eugene Morrow is a valid in Cattle. He Is what is considered as close to perfection thats possible. After a suicide attempt, It left(a) wing Eugene a crippled, depressed and an arrogant person.Niccole proves this when he Is calling the policeman a flatfoot. He places this personality upon himself because he Is too scared to show anyone the real him medium and caring. Throughout the film, we see that he in fact conceals his true personality by helping Vincent. The amount of energy he put into helping Vincent, shows us that on the inside he is actually a caring friend who is willing to sacrifice his life to help others. From this we see that no one is who they seem, and Eugene is even willing to lend his consume identity to another person.Only the Valid strain is told they can truly succeed in the world of Cattle, so if an hinder tries to succeed, they must put their lives around the concealment of their genetic identity. Niccole places Vincent, an invalid whose dreams are achievable only in the Valid world. In order t o enter that world, Vincent becomes a borrowed ladder using Eugene Morrows Identity. The opening scene of the film shows this dramatically, as we see Vincent hair and climb painfully removed In an extreme close-up. Vincent does this routine every day and It Is courageous. Learn more about this routine In a later, slowly paced succession that details the processes the system Vincent must go through each day just to reach his goals. Niccole provokes us aware that Vincent is not alone in this class of people by showing the label confidentiality guaranteed written on the dry cleaning plastic wrap. It is clear that being a borrowed ladder is an all interest Job and for Vincent, a relatively lonely one. Doctor Lamar is the main deposit at Cattle, and although he lies under the radar, he is a crucial part of Vincent excursion to Titan.When Lamar says right men dont hold it with their left, it suggests to the viewer that he is in fact fully aware of Vincent true identity, and that he h as most likely cognize for a while. At the beginning of the film It seems that Lamar Is convinced, as is everyone else In Cattle, that Vincent Is a true valid. However, near the end, It becomes obvious he has known the fairness all along. Lamar Lies and effectively cheats the system by turning a cover eye to Vincent true identity and allowing him to continue on his journey. He possible for his son to make it into the world.Even with this berth as a doctor t Cattle, Lamar is willing to lie and risk his own Job in order to let Vincent dreams come true. Niccole portrays Cattle as this developed world that has minimized the level of imperfection, where there is no room for invalids and the genetically engineered people. However, as the story develops, we start to see the perfect people also have flaws and we see that even in this perfect world, lying and cheating still happens. Everyone has something to conceal, and no matter what their status, they are willing to commit fraud acts , whether it is for their do good or to benefit there.It seems that although people in Cattle seem perfect and innocent, no one is without flaw, and everyone has a secret. The science fiction thriller film Cattle, directed and written by Andrew Niccole, set in the not too distant future, it portrays a society in which genetic engineering has people have secrets and they are willing to lie, cheat and even kill to get where they person but on the inside he is caring, Vincent Freeman is an invalid who dreams of flying to Titan and to achieve his dreams, he has to become a borrowed ladder with unceasing Vincent secret.Jerome Eugene Morrow is a valid in Cattle. He is what is considered as close to perfection thats possible. After a suicide attempt, it left Eugene a crippled, depressed and an arrogant person. Niccole proves this when he is calling the policeman a f**kicking flatfoot. He places this personality upon himself because he is too scared to show anyone the real him sensitive an d caring. Vincent becomes a borrowed ladder using Eugene Morrows identity. The opening removed in an extreme close-up. Vincent does this routine every day and it is courageous.We learn more about this routine in a later, slowly paced sequence that details the processes the system Vincent must go through each day Just to reach his says right men dont hold it with their left, it suggests to the viewer that he is in fact the beginning of the film it seems that Lamar is convinced, as is everyone else in Cattle, that Vincent is a true valid. However, near the end, it becomes obvious he has known the truth all along. Lamar lies and effectively cheats the system by turning a blind eye to Vincent true identity and allowing him to continue on his Journey.He goes this because his son is also an invalid and if Vincent can make it, it could be Vincent becomes a borrowed ladder using Eugene Morrows identity. The opening possible for his son to make it into the valid world. Even with this status as a doctor Doctor Lamar is the main doctor at Cattle, and although he lies under the radar, he is a crucial part of Vincent Journey to Titan. When Lamar says right men dont hold it with their left, it suggests to the viewer that he is in fact fully aware of Vincent true identity, and that he has most likely known for a while.At the beginning of the elm it seems that Lamar is convinced, as is everyone else in Cattle, that Vincent is a true valid. However, near the end, it becomes obvious he has known the truth all along. Lamar lies and effectively cheats the system by turning a blind eye to Vincent true identity and allowing him to continue on his Journey. He does this because his son is also an invalid and if Vincent can make it, it could be possible for his son to make it into the world. Even with this status as a doctor at Cattle, Lamar is willing to lie and risk his own Job in order to let Vincent dreams come true.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Enlightenment and Religion Essay

Enlightenment has been fundament each(prenominal)y a humanistic movement, which proposed a new approach to basic matters of religion, faith and church. This paper aims to investigate near of the Enlightenment teachings about religion. I will use An Answer to the top dog What is Enlightenment? by Emmanuel Kant and A Letter concerning Toleration by John Locke to show how philosophers of the Enlightenment treated religion.In explaining what Enlightenment is Kant touched some questions of religion and church. For him religion was a individualised choice of every individual. In contrast, church chthonian Kant is a part of a machinery, aimed to ruin critical thinking. As he observed The pastor says, Do non argue, believe (Only one ruler in the World says, Argue as much as you want and about what you want, but obey) In this we have examples of pervasive restrictions on freedom. Moreover, Kant believed, that the perform uses to hide truth to keep the flock obeying.In spite of encourag ing people to apply to original sources of religious teachings the clergy merely retells the ideas as they consider fit. Thusly, personal consciousness becomes replaced by collective one, embodied in the person of a priest. To make its control even more strict the church watches its believers and bides them with collective oaths. The way out of such(prenominal) situation is, as Kant believed, a self-understanding of every individual and free thinking about religion without advise of a church. A person, who is free in religious questions, can be called enlightened.Locke expressed similar views in his Letter concerning Toleration. His basic idea is that in make a religious choice a person should be free from officials oppression. Civil authorities are to provide equal conditions to all believers and prevent conflicts on religious grounds, but not more than that. Each person has a right to care of personal salvation inside such established limits. Locke recognized, that religion makes people blindly accept a dogma and behave aggressively towards those, who do not recognize such a dogma.As regards the church, Locke explained, that it is a voluntary association of believers. A person is born outside of any church, although usually brought to church by parents. An adult and free person, however, should have a free option to chose whether to belong to any church or not. Moreover, religious questions should not be used in a discriminatory manner not only by the church, but also by private individuals, in other words, a religious beliefs should be respected by all members of the orderliness even in case they contradict to their personal beliefs.Locke called such a state Mutual toleration. Authorities should not act favorably in respect of any church, although rulers are also usually adepts of a certain religious, but their laws are to be just for every religion. To ground such a thesis Locke explained, that civil freedoms do not depend upon personal views on eternal life and salvation, therefore, every person, independently of religion, has equal importance for the society.Sources Emmanuel Kant, An Answer to the Question What is Enlightenment? Available at http//www.english.upenn.edu/mgamer/Etexts/kant.html, (last viewed May 2, 2003)John Locke, A Letter concerning Toleration Available at http//press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendI_religions10.html (last viewed May 2, 2003)

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Aggression and Prosocial Behavior Essay

Social psychology is defined as the scientific study of how a persons behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. This definition is the basis upon which aggression and prosocial behavior are built. As a human being, each(prenominal) of us is given a daily choice of how and if we choose to inter come upon a motion with others. Although aggression and prosocial behavior are at opposite ends of the scale, the general idea tin can each of them is that what we see, feel, understand and believe can have a massive impact on the way in which we choose to treat other people.On one end of the spectrum is aggression, a behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person. There are multiple rationales for what causes aggression and why close to are more self-assertive than others. The frustration-aggression hypothesis is the concept that different sources of frustration can cause a person to act obstreperously. Environmental facto rs, such as excessive heat or noise, can increase frustration levels and thereby illicit an emotional response of aggression on the closest object.Other new(a) approaches for explaining aggression include a biological predisposition and learned behavior. Biologically speaking, it is possible that some gene or genes makes certain people prone to aggressive behavior under specific environmental conditions. Testosterone has also been linked to aggressive tendencies. The commonly known, Roid Rage that some bodybuilders and athletes experience when using steroids, is a prime congressman of increased testosterone affecting aggressive inclinations. Aggressive behavior can also be learned through observation.Over the years many psychologists have be this theory in experimentation, such as the Zimbardo prison experiment and the Bandura Bobo doll experiment. When observing an authoritative figure or peer involving in an aggressive act and being reinforced after, the tendency is that the i ndividualist will learn this behavior and act in accordance. Many experiments on the influence of media, such as TV and video games, have looked to push aggressive behavior onto observational learning of violence.These findings have not been thoroughly proven and remain a unexclusive opinion rather than factual evidence. Although consensus has not been reached, and since it may be a culmination of all ideas, it is generally the persons own choices that permit them to act in an aggressive manor towards others. The other completely different dimension of social interaction is found in prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior is all of the socially plummy behavior that benefits others. Altruism is one such behavior.To be altruistic is to help someone in trouble without concern for ones self or expectation of reward. However there can be complications when the call for altruistic behavior sounds. When a situation is presented in which a person must make an active decision to help anoth er individual there are five steps that come into play. Noticing, or realizing there may be an emergency, specify the emergency, taking responsibility, planning a course of action and taking action. These steps allow a person to process an incident and decide whether or not they should aid the individual involved.Two majors concerns also come into effect when prosocial behavior is necessary. The bystander effect, referring to the likelihood of a bystander to aid someone in trouble decreases as the number of bystanders increases. This is sad, but true fact in most situations. It is directly related to the diffusion of responsibility, in which a person fails to take responsibility for each action or inaction because of the presence of other people that share in the responsibility. This push of accountability allows someone to rationalize why they chose not to controvert to an emergency.If there are other individuals present, then they could have also done something, so the vicious cycle continues and no help is ever given. In two social behaviors, aggression and prosocial, the responsibility for a persons actions are placed solely upon them. Even in cases of aggression where medical treatment is necessary, the individual must still take responsibility to acknowledge the problem and find a solution. As with all human interaction, people are presented with many options every day. It is how people decide to act or not act that creates the spectrum of behavior studied by psychologists today.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Mr Kazimirs Valujs

NCFE Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1 Exploring Equality and Diversity academic session 4 Prejudice and discrimination What does it mean? In a diverse society where each individual may have lots of different characteristics and qualities, in that respect are many opportunities for people to label and stereotype others. When this happens, it can create an environment where wrong and discrimination may be found. A prejudice is an below the belt or unreasonable preconceived view or judgement that is formed without being based on any specific grounds or fit knowledge. inconsistency means treating a person or group differently, often in a oppose manner, based upon one or a small arrive of characteristics. Stereotypes can sometimes be positive however, this is not the case when it comes to prejudice. With prejudice, the views held about certain groups of people are negative, they are applied to an entire group and they take to the woods to be strongly held. So, the group (with possibly a different gender / race / ethnic origin / sexual orientation or with a disability) forget be described in negative ways.They ordain be called things such as lazy, stupid, weak, dangerous and untrustworthy. In communities and societies where prejudice and discrimination are found, people will have fewer life chances and a poorer quality of life. Given that prejudices can be so damaging, it is worth expression at how people develop them. How people may develop prejudices There are many ways that people may develop prejudices. Two of the more or less common are 1. Socialisation The most likely way that people will develop prejudices is to learn them from other people, such as family and friends.An individual will experience the views of these people on a daily basis, and there will also be the influences of the media and the views of high profile people. If a young person with no alternative points of reference is exposed to prejudices that are stated as facts, then he / she may accept them without any questions. If a particular prejudice is regularly presented, then it is difficult for people to question the viewpoint and challenge the prejudice. 2. Over generalisationA second way prejudices may develop occurs when a person has a properly experience and then generalises it to a particular group. This is usually caused by a very strong negative experience. It may well be very sore to dislike or distrust the particular experience, but the over generalisation is not always accurate. Different types of discrimination hatful can describe themselves or others in monetary value of one or more characteristics. At times, it is possible that a person will be treated in a negative way because of a characteristic or quality that they possess.This negative treatment is often referred to as discrimination. There are a few key terms that are used when talking about discrimination. These are Direct and indirect discrimination Dual discrimi nation and multiple discrimination Positive discrimination Discrimination arising from disability Discrimination by association Protected characteristics. The effects that discrimination and prejudice can have on people When people are checkmate to discrimination they often end up with a quality of life far lower than they would reasonably expect.Historically, discrimination and prejudice has sometimes been a event of life and death in some countries and cultures. Some of the effects of prejudice and discrimination include People being killed because of their race, nationality, religion or sexual orientation. People being denied the right to vote. People being subjected to physical attacks and verbal abuse. People being deprived of legal rights. People being denied education, jobs and opportunities. People being primarily treated as outsiders and second class citizens. People accepting the negative views of themselves. Communities and whole societies having greater con flict and being less efficient and harmonious. Communities and societies built on hatred and contempt. When people are classified (stereotyped) on the basis of one or two characteristics, they are stripped of many of their qualities. A stereotype reduces them to a one dimensional character. All the other things that make a person special and human will be ignored by the prejudiced people. This makes it easier to gossip pain and suffering on innocent parties. This is why prejudice and discrimination are so dangerous.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Past Paper Questions

Principles Of Accounts May/June 2007 SECTION 1 Answer ALL questions in this section. 1. (a) List THREE distinguishing features of a partnership concern. (3 marks) (b) Skerritt and Cymbal are in Partnership sharing profits and losses in the ratio of their capital balances. The following balances were left over in their books after the preparation of the job and Profit and Loss Account on kinfolk 30, 2006. Capital Accounts Skerritt $30 000 Cymbal $40 000 Current Accounts Skerritt $(300) Cymbal $1 500 Drawings Skerritt $12 000 Cymbal $5 000Motor Vehicle at cost $43 000 Buildings at cost $232 000 Debtors $23 300 Creditors $17 000 Stock at September 30, 2006 $18 000 Cash at bank $27 000 Additional information to be taken into consideration (1) The net profit for the year end September 30, 2006 is $250 000. (2) Each partner earns an annual salary of $60 000. (3) Interest on capital is to be paid at the rate of 5% per annum. (4) Interest on drawings is to be charged at the rate of 10% p er annum. Skerritt drew cash on October 31, 2005 and Cymbal drew cash on March 31, 2006. 5) Accumulated depreciation on Motor Vehicles to September 30, 2006 is $8 600.Required (i) Prepare the Profit and Loss Appropriation Account for Skerritt and Cymbal for the year ended September 30, 2006. (6 marks) (ii) Prepare the Current Accounts of Skerritt and Cymbal on September 30, 2006. ( 5 marks) (iii) Prepare the eternal sleep Sheet of Skerritt and Cymbal as at September 30, 2006, showing the working capital. (Do not show details of the current accounts in the Balance Sheet. Transfer only the closing balances from the partners current accounts. ) (6 marks)

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Review of related literature and studies Essay

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIESTeenagers and Part-Time business lines Benefits, Drawbacks and TipsAdolescence is that difficult period of time when harum-scarum children alteration to responsible adults we hope. That is the goal, after all, for teens to break dance into mature, productive, responsible members of the community. One method for assisting this transition is obtaining odd- avocation(prenominal) exercise. A romp can help teenrs better develop their identities, obtain increased autonomy, achieve new accomplishments, develop lop experience, and become much independent from their p arnts. According to the U.S. De variancement of Labor, 50 percent of American teenagers withstand informal jobs, such as babysitting or yard exertion, by age 12. Boys tend to go their jobs at younger ages and work on more hours than girls. By age 15, airlessly two-thirds of American teens save had just ab out(a) kind of enjoyment. By the time teens graduate from high natu ralize, 80% entrust move over held a underemployed job at some time during the school year.The average high school learner deeds 20 hours per week, and about 10% work full time (35 hours or more). There be more obstacles to teens obtaining employment. Finding reliable transportation is critical, and that can be difficult if the job is non close by and the teens parent(s) work. Fighting stereotypes that employers have about adolescents, such as poor attitudes or omit of skills, can be challenging. In this particular economy, in that location arent very many job opportunities for teens. Teens sine qua non to work for a variety of reasons, solely more than half report their involvement in work is motivated by the desire to buy things. Typically, teens spend their money on car expenses, recreational expenses, clothing, educational expenses, obstetrical delivery for college, and helping their families with living expenses (e.g., rent, groceries). Researchers have studied and debated the benefits and drawbacks of teens and part-time jobs for more than 2 decades. legion(predicate) researchers, including those on government panels like the National Commission on Youth, praise part-time work and say it contributes to the transition from youth to adulthood. Other studies have found significant negative consequences to disciples working over 20 hours aweek. We will take a close look at both. Benefits of Teens guardianship a Part-Time JobThere are many benefits to adolescents obtaining employment, including Obtain valuable work experiences, which are excellent for a resume. expose how to effectively manage finances. Even if the teen is simply using their earnings to pay for their own expenses, they will learn to budget between clothes, movies, and car expenses. May provide networking possibilities and set a child on a rewarding carriagetime career path. Provide constructive use of free time. An after-school job can in addition provide adult supervision, especially if you work longer hours than those in a emblematic school day. Employment gives teens less time to engage in risky behaviors. Learn time anxiety skills.Form good work habits.Gain useful, marketable skills such as improving their communication, learning how to underwrite people, developing interview skills and filling out job applications. Instill new confidence, sense of responsibility and independence. Drawbacks of Teens Holding a Part-Time JobThere are also negative consequences of teen employment that whitethorn outweigh the positive benefits, such as Less time for homework. Working students may not have or make the time to complete their work. Higher rates of absenteeism and less school involvement. Employment may place constraints on the students study and sleep time. Fatigue or lack of grooming for the days academic activities may discourage the working teen from going to school and a job may take the place of extracurricular activities. Lower grades in scho ol. Students who work more than 20 hours a week have grade point averages that are lower than other students who work 10 or less hours a week. More likely to use drugs and alcohol. Research suggests that substance abuse is higher(prenominal) for students who work 20 or more hours per week. Development of negative views of work itself. Early entry into a negative or harsh work environment may encourage negative views of work.This would depend greatly on the maturity level of the teenager and the type of job obtained. Increased stress. Balancing work and school can prove to be too much for anystudent. Research seems to suggest that students that work 10 hours or less a week gain the benefits of employment, while students that work over 20 hours a week suffer the negative consequences of work mentioned above. Other factors that affect how students handle employment and school life include the intensity and difficulty of the work done. Summer EmploymentSummer employment is an excellent utility(a), as it does not interfere with schooling and provides teens with a constructive use of their free time. It allows adolescents to garner all the benefits of employment without overtaxing their busy school schedules. Teens should begin looking for summer employment during Spring Break. Possible jobs for teens are landscaping, delivering newspapers, babysitting, retail stores (such as grocery stores or clothing stores), movie theaters, working at a theme park, organism a camp counselor, lifeguarding at a pool, and dog walking. April 2, 2010 by middleearthnjWork careers begin after the goal of formal schooling. This is a fundamental assumption of life course research, which identifies the school to work transition as one of the most critical stages of the early life course. Yet the reality is that most students are also workers. A third or more of high school students are currently employed, as are the majority of college students (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005a). The pa ucity of research on the overlap of student and worker roles and on the occupational structure of teenage workers is almost certainly due to the assumption that most students work in part-time jobs that are unrelated to post-schooling work careers. Indeed, one of the major problems of the first Occupational Change in a Generation Survey (the data source for Blau and Duncan, 1967) was that the measurement of first job may have conflated student employment and post-student employment (Duncan, Featherman, & Duncan, 1972 210224).1 However, the high level of labor force participation among students, and the fact that teenagers lie in four percent of the American workforce, suggest the need for more research on the prevalence of work and the structure of employment among adolescents prior to the completion of schooling. In this study, we explore patterns of hearty stratification of teenage workers. preliminary research on teenage employment has focused almostexclusively on the impact of work on educational outcomes, including grades and dropping out. The primary theoretical and policy issue is the hypothesis that the roles of worker and student are incompatible, or at least incompatible with educational success (Greenberger & Steinberg, 1986). Yet most studies have concluded that there is little observable harm if students work a moderate number of hours per week indeed, students who work less than 15 h/week generally have better educational outcomes than students who do not work at all (Carr, Wright, & Brody, 1996 McNeil, 1997 Mortimer & Finch, 1986). Students who work longer hours, especially more than 20 or 25 h/week, do have lower grades and are more likely to drop out of school (DAmico, 1984), however, it is unclear whether high intensity work is a cause, a consequence, or just a correlate of poorer educational outcomes.The hypothesized causal impact of teenage employment on educational outcomes hinges, in freehanded part, on the selectivity of students into employment and different types of jobs. Before addressing this question, we describe the occupational structure of teenage employment and its relationship to the adult labor market. With in the teenage labor market structure, we attempt to identify the dimensions of occupational circumstance and preferable job characteristics. Then we address the question of selectivity of students to jobs within the classic analytical framework of social stratification research. Specifically, we ask if family background and ascriptive characteristics, such as gender, and race and ethnicity, influence teenage employment and the advance of higher status jobs. Although we refer to teenage employment in general, our empirical focus is on the employment patterns held by several cohorts of high school seniors in a West Coast metropolitan area.Although this is a limited geographical and temporal sample, the patterns reported here are likely to be representative of teenagers more broadly. We find that t here is a clear structure between the social backgrounds of students and the jobs they hold. Advantages of family origins and school achievement are positively associated with paid employment, and advantaged students are especially more likely to hold good jobs outside of prototypic teenage concentration in the fast food sector and related service sector jobs. 2. why do teenagers work?Although there are many reasons why people work, economic necessity ranksnear the top of the list. Most high school students, however, live as dependents in parental households, and very hardly a(prenominal) teenagers have to work to provide their food and shelter. Indeed, state laws protect adolescents from becoming regular workers by restrict the hours and nature of paid employment. The one gray area is family employment, especially when families run menial businesses. Families that run small businesses generally depend on the unpaid labor of all family members, including school age children and adolescents, as part of a strategy of economic survival. If teenagers are not working to support their families, the most plausible alternative interpretation is that most students work to support their consumption and related lifestyle activities, such as saving for clothing, a car, or other extras beyond their familys economic resources or willingness to provide.Another potential accounting is that students work in order to invest in their future. Students may seek jobs that provide opportunities for achievement, exposure to contingent career choices, or to develop ties with persons who could serve as mentors. These explanations are not mutually exclusive, and many teenagers may be motivated by both objectives. Regardless of the motivations of students, there must be a job market in which employers seek to, or are at least willing to, hire teenagers. Many teenagers may be working in part-time jobs in the general labor market where there is an insufficient supply of relatively ch eap and flexible workers. In these jobs, teenagers can be considered as accessory workers for adults who are the predominate workforce.For example, teenagers often work as receptionists in offices and as cashiers in grocery stores, but teenagers comprise only a small minority of workers in these positions. There may also be niches of teenage jobs where adolescents comprise a significant share of all workers in an occupation or industry. For example, teenage workers appear to be the mainstay of fast food establishments. The proportional representation of teenage workers (ages 1619) in the major occupational categories, and their relative share of all workers (employed persons age 16 and above) in each occupation, is presented in Table 1 based on data from the 2005 Current Population Survey. These data do not differentiate teenagers by their enrollment status.

What is organizational behavior

Study of the uphold individualists, groups, and structure has on behavior within an makeup. This Is studied by managers to improve an organizations solve environment to discover methods to increase the bottom line. canonicalally it is a study of the way hoi polloi act within an organization when exposed to different elements such as leadership styles, behaviors of others, and Incentives. 2. Moscow theory hierarchy of needs? Physiological- Basic needs or body needs food, water, shelter, sex, and other.Safety = security and protection. Social = Affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship. Esteem = Internal factors such as self- respect, autonomy and achievement. Self-actualization = Drive to be all we can be. As each need Is satisfied the side by side(p) becomes dominant 3. What Is the four functions of Management? Planning, Organizing, Leading, and controlling are the four functions of management. Planning is defining goals and the overall outline to achieve those goa ls with a developed and integrated plan to achieve the goals.Organizing is the designing of an organizations structure including task and who result accomplish the task. Leading Is managements ways of motivating Its employees and directing their activities selecting means of communications and re resolution conflicts. Chapter 1 1 . Management= one who achieves goals through others vs. Leader = of motivating Its employees and directing their activities selecting means of communications and resolving conflicts. 2.What Is examine = A dynamic condition in which and Individual is confronted with an opportunity a demand or a resource related to what the Individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important Chapter 2 Sexual Harassment = Unwanted sexual advances Ability = An Individuals ability to perform the various task In a note Chapter 3 1 . Job Involvement= Really care about what the have they do vs. Job satisfaction= One who holds positive fe elings about there Job. Low negative feelings 2.cognitive heretical = Car story I dont like us cars, change mind when given late watch ford. 3. Impact of Job satisfaction- Exit, Voice, Loyalty, Neglect 4. Personality- Sum of total ways an Individual reacts or Interacts with others Class Notes Chapter 4 1 . Emotion- Short lived, Specific event, Facial expression, action in nature 2. Moods Longer, Caused general, No distinct expression, Cognitive 3. Positively offset Normal situation the average soul is in a positive mood. . illusive correlation- People associate two event to their mood has no correlations 5.Emotional Dissonance Show one sensation and feel the other. Hiding Chapter 5 1 . Briggs = Personality assessment- Extrovert Vs. Introvert, Sensing Vs. Intuitive, Thinking Vs. Feeling, Judging vs. Perceiving 2. proactive personality = Identify opportunity, show Initiative, take action, preserver to the end 3. Values perceptions -?Process by which Individuals bone up and I nterpret their sensory Impression In order to give meaning to their environment. Chapter 6 FIFO hoop issuance= One opinion shows whole character. General impression with a single characteristic. . Contrast effect= evaluations of a persons character that is affected by comparisons with others people recently encountered who rank higher or sink on the same characteristics 4. Self-fulfilling prophecy= person inaccurately perceives a second person and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception 5. Stereotyping preconceived notions= 6. Rational decision do= a decision making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome. Chapter 7 1 .Motivation accounts for intensity, direction, persistence 2. Theory X -assumes employees dont like Job 3. Theory Y assumes employees like score 4. Goal doting theory If the employees are involved, Goals are achievable and production is up 5. Manag ement by objectives Tangible verifiable, and measurable 6. Self Chapter 8 1 . Job design- The way the elements in a Job are organized 2. Job Enrichment- expands the Job so the employee controls the planning, execution and evaluation 3. Job Rotation- Moving nearly Cross-train 4. Employee Involvement- more involved, more productive employees 5.Participative management- Joint decision making Vs. Representative participation workers are be in a small group (Union). Chapter 9 1 . Formal Group- Organized, Such as work group 2. Informal Group No Formally structured nor organized 3. ESSAY Five-stage Model Forming- source of group Storming- Accept existence of group but are working out the kinks Morning-setting standards Performing- Work get done Adjourning- Job completed 4. Role- What is expected by an organization 5. Role Perception What you think your government agency is 6. Norms Standards so you know when people are outside the norm set by leaders 7.Deviant study Behavior- be havior that violates organizational norms. 8. ESSAY Group vs. Individual Strengths of group decision is from many, Increase diversity, more knowledge. Individual Expeditious, single point of success 9. Social Loafing- Expend less effort when working in a group-causing cacaos Chapter 10 1 . Work group Primarily to share information 2. Work Team Set Goal Accomplishment work on a project to get something done 3. Teams Problem solving Particular problem, Self-managed worked team work as lead- Cross-functional team-to use different team sets. Virtual distance 4. impulsive to adjust .Team Efficacy Team believes they can accomplish goals Chapter 1 1 1 . What is communications? Transferring and accord of meaning. 2. Formal and Informal Channels of communication 3. Formal- Professional 4. Informal- Socializing 5. Downward Communication Explaining to Subordinate 6. up Up the Chain of command 7. Lateral Communication Peer to Peer Team to Team 8. hear -Discuss the difference bet ween interpersonal communication and organizational communication. Oral written nonverbal / Organizational transfer business one to many documented email. Blobs. 9. Oral, Written and Non-verbal.Identify the pros and cons of interpersonal communication. 10. Information overload Communication overload. 11 . Channel Richness The amount of information that can be communicated to a certain number of people at one episode 12. Filtering -a senders manipulation of information so that it will be seen more affectionate by receiver 13. Cultural Context- High and Low for global organizations you need to know the difference between High and Low. Chapter 12 1 . Leadership- Ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a pile or set of goals 2. Employee oriented leader- 3. Production oriented leader- 4.Situational Leadership theory Theory that focuses on followers readiness 5. Path Goal Theory- A theory that states that it is the leaders Job to assist followers in attaining their g oals and to deliver the goods the guidance to their goals. 6. Charismatic Leader a leader that has visions and risk-taker 7. Transactional Leaders- Guide followers to established goals clarifying goals and tasks 8. Transformational leader- steeple followers transcend their own self-interest and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary Chapter 13 1 . Power is a capacity to influence the behavior of other 2. Power = Requires follower dependance .

Saturday, May 18, 2019

Perceptual Biases (Business Administration)

1. Despite the unmanageableies of making predictions, m whatsoever plurality confidently ease up assertions most what will happen in the future because of various types of biases, constraints, perceptions, and expectations. Each person has their own experiences, influences, tastes, personalities, attitudes, and much more, creating extraordinary perspectives that influence perception, objectivity, and rationality. As such(prenominal), perceptions are controlled by three factors the perceiver, the object being perceived, and the context in which people perceive.People align these factors to their own standards and consequentially, they always think they are right. This results in an above-average affect, where people almost always think they are above average. This affect causes people to confidently make assertions despite the level of objective difficulty. 2. in that respect are various perceptual and decision-making errors that cloud the judgments of many intelligent and po werful people. For example, when Rick Wagoner predicted that failure would result in the liquidation of the company (195), he may have used general impressions of bankruptcy to contaminate factual information.As such, he was a victim of the Halo Effect. His negative perceptions of bankruptcy clouded any positive indicators of its factual effectiveness. When investment analyst Marc Farber incorrectly predicted a slowdown in the Chinese market, he was perhaps affected by a hindsight bias. Having experienced so many market slowdowns in the other(prenominal), such as the various recessions in the United States in addition to international examples like Japan, he in all probability thought he was a better analyst than he actually was.The hindsight bias prevented him from learning from the past he was likely less skeptical ab break his own predictive skills than he should have been. When viciousness President Joe Biden incorrectly predicted, More people are going to be put to work thi s pass (195), he was possibly a victim of an overconfidence bias. This confidence may have prevented him from understanding the facts on employment, jumping to an optimistic conclusion prematurely. In addition, he may have been under substantial military press to inspire the American public in light of the ongoing recession.When Robert Prechter incorrectly predicted, stock prices will go a lot lower (195), he may have looked at initial market conditions without considering the macro instruction perspective of market durability. As such, he was a victim of an anchoring bias, where he used only an initial assessment for his prediction without considering long-term data. Other types of biases include selective perception, contrast effects, stereotyping, and risk aversion, amongst others. 3.It is difficult to make accurate predictions because the only way we view the world is through our perceptions what is to one person may non be to another. The key in many situations is to object ively understand how and why people have original perceptions. This understanding will allow for more accurate assessments, leading to better choices in life. It is also difficult to make predictions because of the complexity of communication. This complexity can sometimes cause people to overthink, such as when two people are dating, always second guessing their actions and their thoughts.It is often unadvisable to overthink situations where there may not be a clear explanation. Further, overthinking in one direction can harbor unwarranted electronegativity or inaccurate optimism. Lastly, there are many factors that people have no control over, such as plane crashes, sudden sickness, and forces of nature. These factors can cause even the most well thought out predictions to be inaccurate. As a result, people must always be prudent about what they assert. at that place must be evidence coupled with intrapersonal skills that can assure its objectivity.

Friday, May 17, 2019

International Lega and Ethical Issues

International Legal and Ethical Issues Celina Garcia-Sanchez LAW/421 Gregory Martin What are the issues involved in resolving legal disputes in international transactions? The issues are what choice of constabulary clause you are liberation to use in the contract in case of dispute or breach of contract. The separate issue is what forum selection clause is going to be used if in that respects ever an issue or dispute. Both are very important issues to address in the lead getting into contract with a opposed business.You need to take in consideration in what depart of the world you want legal action to take place if your business partner based in another country What are some practical considerations of taking legal action against a foreign business? The considerations would have to be how far do you want to take your legal action and how is it going to affect future business with the company. A consideration would be if arbitration is an option. It would be so much better a nd faster if the business would solve their issues this way.What factors could work against CadMexs decision to grant sublicensing agreements? If they grant sublicensing agreements to other companies, they will be losing money. But on the other hand they can put in a clause where they will collect a certain percentage of royalties for a long period of conviction and that can help balance the loss they are taking by sublicensing. But by doing so, it withal makes them look to a greater extent ethical with higher moral values. When the local customs and laws conflict with the customs and laws of an government activity operating abroad, which should prevail?The customs where the business is being conducted, it makes more sense to do it this way cod to the fact that the country where the business is being done has employees and the employees go by the laws of their own country. They are more familiar with them. How would you compare the issues in this simulation to the domestic legal issues discussed in your Week One readings? How should companies patch up domestic and international issues differently? I dont think they should resolve issues differently, the way they are doing it right now by using CISG, WTO, OEDC, and IMF all those organizations help resolve any dispute they may have.

Thursday, May 16, 2019

Procter&Gamble Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Procter&Gamble - Essay Example ledge and learning, discipline and thoroughness argon part of Procter and Gambles ideals of surpass practice.By implementing profit sharing, the company reinforces loyalty for the company, common respect and trust between management and workers. Among the principles and values are a deep commitment towards customers best interests, social service, employees welfare and business operations that are simple, direct and transparent. (Dyer et al, 2004 ix, 46, 305).Increasing intense competition from Unilever, Johnson and Johnson, Kimberly-Clark, LOreal and other companies is weakening the companys position in the share market. Further, demand for consumer goods is impacted by the soundness of the United States economy and particularly by corporate profits. Also, investigators have uncovered the fact that living creature testing is being done by the company in harsh conditions for its cosmetic and drug manufacturing units (Swasy, 1994 196). Since consumer s are aware of the ethics behind production and the need for corporate social responsibility, this may affect the marketability of its products.Acquisitions such(prenominal) as the recent one of Gillette prove to be mutually beneficial (Hannon, 2008 46). Further, developing the different markets which are opening up opportunities for P & G to establish itself has to be done with priority product categories, and the formation to be developed to carry out the strategies have to be planned (Conklin, 2006 189). Technological advances have do it possible to increase the rate of production several times, thus reducing overhead costs (Swasy, 1994 97). With the maturement population all over the world increasing in proportion, as compared to a decade earlier, the increment need for skin care and pharmaceutical products along with research development has opened up young opportunities in these spheres.Competitors have been devoting more research funds to cosmetics than to detergents or other products, with higher profit margins

Wednesday, May 15, 2019

Proposal to Solve a Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Proposal to Solve a Problem - Essay ExampleThe intelligence of deglutition How alcohol Affects Your Body and Mind. Plymouth, PY Rowman & Littlefield, 2011. The author in this book scientifically explains the action of alcoholic beverage on gracious body, providing guidance on healthy drinking habits. It is thus an important informant in heavy(p) the news of underage drinking a scientific explanation so as to understand how alcohol influences the behavior of adolescentagers, thus endangering their lives when drunk and driving. However, the book takes a general perspective of alcohol on adult male body and does not specifically discuss the action of alcohol on those considered as underage. Mendralla, Valerie and Janet Grosshandler. Drinking and madcap Now What? New York, NY The Rosen Publishing Group, 2012. This book is a dedication to the young people and thus foc uptakes its discussion of drinking and driving on the underage alcohol consumers. It gives the scientific backgro und of alcohol consumption and backs its discussions with statistics. The use of images makes this source easily understandable. It not and tackles the personal tragedies resulting from underage drinking but also companionable and legal problems, and subsequently gives prevention measures. Miller, Ted R., David T. Levy, Rebecca S. Spicer, and Dexter M. Taylor. Societal Costs of Underage Drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 67.4 (2006) n. pag. Web. 10 Aug. 2013. http//www.jsad.com/jsad/article/Societal_Costs_of_Underage_Drinking/874.html This article evaluates the cost associated with alcohol consumption among the young people despite the human beings of deterrent laws. Even though it uses not so recent statistics of 2001, the article is a critical source in portraying the extent to which underage drinking has spread in America, relating 16% of alcohol sales to underage drinking. As such, it advocates for equal attention as given to illicit drugs consumption. US Depa rtment of health and Human Services. Underage Drinking. (2006). Web. 10 Aug. 2013. http//www.niaaa.nih.gov This source gives a wider perspective of underage drinking, focusing not only on drinking and driving, but also on other problems related to underage drinking. It gives statistics from government sources to affirm its arguments. The article further explains the risk factors that lead teenagers to alcohol consumption. The article gives preventive measures that could be used to take the problem and cites some of the measures that the US government has taken to prevent underage drinking. The Problem of Teen Drinking and Driving Introduction Learning to drive has for long been appreciated as a great milepost among teenagers. Also, experimenting with alcohol and its subsequent abuse has been existent among the teenagers for a long time. Nonetheless, combining these two aspects yields poor purpose making, as argued by Mendralla and Grosshandler (4). In order to justify teen drink ing and driving as a problem to the society, this research borrows from credible secondary sources. Low alcohol consumption could be beneficial to human health, but excessive consumption of alcohol beyond 0.08% causes impairment and compromises motor skills and reflexes (Dasgupta 38). With a majority of teenagers knotty in binge drinking, the risk of falling victim to negative consequences of excessive drinking always looms. Therefore, teen drinking and driving is a serious problem which needs critical attention from responsible